Biological Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles from Seaweeds: A Survey of Palladium and Rhodium Nanoparticles in Medicine and Biotechnology

Abstract

The biological synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) from marine resources has gained significant attention due to its eco-friendly, sustainable nature, and cost-effectiveness. Seaweeds, abundant in bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, and proteins, offer a promising platform for the green synthesis of palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles possess unique properties, making them suitable for a wide range of biomedical applications, including antibacterial, anticancer, and drug delivery systems. This review explores the biological synthesis of Pd and Rh nanoparticles using seaweed extracts, highlights their mechanisms of synthesis, and summarizes their potential applications in medicine and biotechnology. Furthermore, we examine the characterization techniques used to evaluate these nanoparticles and present a comparative analysis of their biomedical efficacy. The study underscores the importance of utilizing marine resources for sustainable nanoparticle production and provides an outlook on future research directions.