Comprehensive Analysis of COVID-19 Risk Factors Using Hematological, Immunological, Inflammatory, and Biochemical Markers

Abstract

Background. Several clinical indications, such as inflammatory markers, haematological, immunological, and biochemical
markers, might be utilised to diagnose tissue damage induced by COVID-19. The goal of this research was to identify these
clinical indicators in order to better understand the mechanisms that contributed to the progression of COVID-19 and to identify
potential risk factors for severe cases. Procedures and Materials. Fifty healthy persons, sixty-two patients with moderate
infections, and eighty-eight patients with severe infections were part of the 200 participants (male and female) who ranged in
age from twenty-five to twenty-two years. The study includes a variety of clinical and haematological markers (Basrah city,
Iraq). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the levels of ferritin, high-sensitivity C-reactive
protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the serum of all participants. Clinical chemistry tests
evaluated the heart, kidneys, and liver. Final product. A higher number of neutrophils and a lower number of lymphocytes were
seen in COVID-19 individuals with leukocytosis, as previously reported. When comparing the two groups on inflammatory
markers, there were notable variations in ESR and hs-CRP; nevertheless, the complete severe group exhibited considerably
greater levels of IL-6 when compared to the other two groups. The entire severe group had significant alterations in each of the
following biochemical markers: ferritin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH). Immunological and inflammatory indicators differed significantly (p > 0.05) between pneumonics who
required oxygen and those that did not. Patients in critical care who needed oxygen had a significantly higher neutrophil-
lymphocyte ratio (NLR). In addition, COVID-19 infection might be exacerbated by IL-6, lymphocytes, and neutrophils;
however, IL-6 had the most significant impact, as shown by a high odds ratio (OR: 24.138, 95% CI: 8.437-30.65, p < 0.01). A
number of the indicators also showed strong relationships with one another. In summary. While IL-6 is primarily responsible for
triggering the cytokine storm, an inflammatory and pathophysiological process, lymphocytes and neutrophils may also play
important roles in the severity of COVID-19.